G. HABEAS CORPUS

G.  HABEAS CORPUS

Section 15, Art. III. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.

Writ of Habeas Corpus – is a written order issued by a court, directed to a person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place with the day and cause of his caption and detention.

 

Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus – the right to have an immediate determination of the legality of the deprivation of physical liberty.

 

The President may suspend the privilege:

 

(1)   in cases of invasion or rebellion

(2)   when public safety requires it.

 

·         Habeas corpus lies only where the restraint of a person's liberty has been judicially adjudged to be illegal or unlawful (In re: Sumulong)

 

·         The writ is a prerogative writ employed to test the validity of detention

·         To secure the detainee’s release

·         The action shall take precedence in the calendar of the court and must be acted upon immediately

 

When available (enumeration not exclusive)

 

ü  restoration of liberty of an individual subjected to physical restraint

 

ü  may be availed of where, as a consequence of a judicial proceeding:

 

1.     there has been deprivation of a constitutional right resulting in the restraint of the person

2.     the court has no jurisdiction to impose the sentence, or

3.     an excessive penalty has been imposed, since such sentence is void as to the excess.

 

ü  May be extended to cases by which rightful custody of any person is withheld from the person entitled thereto

 

ü  When moral restraint is exerted (Caunca vs Salazar)

 

ü  Right was accorded a person was sentenced to a longer penalty than was subsequently meted out to another person convicted of the same offense. (Gumabon vs Director of Prisons)

 

ü  Unlawful denial of bail

 

When not available (enumeration not exclusive)

 

ü  the person alleged to be restrained is in the custody of an officer under a process issued by the court which has jurisdiction to do so

 

ü  desaparecidos (disappeared persons) – persons could not be found; remedy is to refer the matter to Commission on Human Rights

 

Procedure

Need to comply with writ; disobedience thereof constitutes contempt

 

Who may suspend the privilege

The President

 

Grounds for Suspension of the privilege

 

1.     invasion or rebellion

 

2.     when public safety requires it

 

Section 18, Art. VII. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it.

The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call.

The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing.

A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.

The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with invasion.

During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially charged within three days, otherwise he shall be released.

 

Lansang doctrine (Lansang vs Garcia):  SC has the power to inquire into the factual basis of the suspension of the privilege of the writ.  It is written in Article VII, Sec. 18 of the Constitution.

 

 

 

H.  WRIT OF AMPARO

 

A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC
(25 September 2007)

THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO

SECTION 1. Petition.  The petition for a writ of amparo is a remedy available to any person whose right to life, liberty and security is violated or threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or entity.

The writ shall cover extralegal killings and enforced disappearances or threats thereof.

SEC. 2. Who May File.  The petition may be filed by the aggrieved party or by any qualified person or entity in the following order:

1.   Any member of the immediate family, namely: the spouse, children and parents of the aggrieved party;

2.   Any ascendant, descendant or collateral relative of the aggrieved party within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, in default of those mentioned in the preceding paragraph; or

3.   Any concerned citizen, organization, association or institution, if there is no known member of the immediate family or relative of the aggrieved party.

The filing of a petition by the aggrieved party suspends the right of all other authorized parties to file similar petitions. Likewise, the filing of the petition by an authorized party on behalf of the aggrieved party suspends the right of all others, observing the order established herein.

SEC. 3. Where to File.  The petition may be filed on any day and at any time with the Regional Trial Court of the place where the threat, act or omission was committed or any of its elements occurred, or with the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court, or any justice of such courts. The writ shall be enforceable anywhere in the Philippines.

When issued by a Regional Trial Court or any judge thereof, the writ shall be returnable before such court or judge.

When issued by the Sandiganbayan or the Court of Appeals or any of their justices, it may be returnable before such court or any justice thereof, or to any Regional Trial Court of the place where the threat, act or omission was committed or any of its elements occurred.

When issued by the Supreme Court or any of its justices, it may be returnable before such Court or any justice thereof, or before the Sandiganbayan or the Court of Appeals or any of their justices, or to any Regional Trial Court of the place where the threat, act or omission was committed or any of its elements occurred.

SEC. 4. No Docket Fees.  The petitioner shall be exempted from the payment of the docket and other lawful fees when filing the petition. The court, justice or judge shall docket the petition and act upon it immediately.

SEC. 5. Contents of Petition.  The petition shall be signed and verified and shall allege the following:

1.   The personal circumstances of the petitioner;

2.   The name and personal circumstances of the respondent responsible for the threat, act or omission, or, if the name is unknown or uncertain, the respondent may be described by an assumed appellation;

3.   The right to life, liberty and security of the aggrieved party violated or threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of the respondent, and how such threat or violation is committed with the attendant circumstances detailed in supporting affidavits;

4.   The investigation conducted, if any, specifying the names, personal circumstances, and addresses of the investigating authority or individuals, as well as the manner and conduct of the investigation, together with any report;

5.   The actions and recourses taken by the petitioner to determine the fate or whereabouts of the aggrieved party and the identity of the person responsible for the threat, act or omission; and

6.   The relief prayed for.

The petition may include a general prayer for other just and equitable reliefs.

SEC. 6. Issuance of the Writ.  Upon the filing of the petition, the court, justice or judge shall immediately order the issuance of the writ if on its face it ought to issue. The clerk of court shall issue the writ under the seal of the court; or in case of urgent necessity, the justice or the judge may issue the writ under his or her own hand, and may deputize any officer or person to serve it.

The writ shall also set the date and time for summary hearing of the petition which shall not be later than seven (7) days from the date of its issuance.

SEC. 7. Penalty for Refusing to Issue or Serve the Writ.  A clerk of court who refuses to issue the writ after its allowance, or a deputized person who refuses to serve the same, shall be punished by the court, justice or judge for contempt without prejudice to other disciplinary actions.

SEC. 8. How the Writ is Served.  The writ shall be served upon the respondent by a judicial officer or by a person deputized by the court, justice or judge who shall retain a copy on which to make a return of service. In case the writ cannot be served personally on the respondent, the rules on substituted service shall apply.

SEC. 9. Return; Contents.  Within seventy-two (72) hours after service of the writ, the respondent shall file a verified written return together with supporting affidavits which shall, among other things, contain the following:

1.   The lawful defenses to show that the respondent did not violate or threaten with violation the right to life, liberty and security of the aggrieved party, through any act or omission;

2.   The steps or actions taken by the respondent to determine the fate or whereabouts of the aggrieved party and the person or persons responsible for the threat, act or omission;

3.   All relevant information in the possession of the respondent pertaining to the threat, act or omission against the aggrieved party; and

4.   If the respondent is a public official or employee, the return shall further state the actions that have been or will still be taken:

i.     to verify the identity of the aggrieved party;

ii.    to recover and preserve evidence related to the death or disappearance of the person identified in the petition which may aid in the prosecution of the person or persons responsible;

iii.   to identify witnesses and obtain statements from them concerning the death or disappearance;

iv.   to determine the cause, manner, location and time of death or disappearance as well as any pattern or practice that may have brought about the death or disappearance;

v.    to identify and apprehend the person or persons involved in the death or disappearance; and

vi.   to bring the suspected offenders before a competent court.

The return shall also state other matters relevant to the investigation, its resolution and the prosecution of the case.

A general denial of the allegations in the petition shall not be allowed.

SEC. 10. Defenses not Pleaded Deemed Waived.  All defenses shall be raised in the return, otherwise, they shall be deemed waived.

SEC. 11. Prohibited Pleadings and Motions.  The following pleadings and motions are prohibited:

1.   Motion to dismiss;

2.   Motion for extension of time to file return, opposition, affidavit, position paper and other pleadings;

3.   Dilatory motion for postponement;

4.   Motion for a bill of particulars;

5.   Counterclaim or cross-claim;

6.   Third-party complaint;

7.   Reply;

8.   Motion to declare respondent in default;

9.   Intervention;

10. Memorandum;

11. Motion for reconsideration of interlocutory orders or interim relief orders; and

12. Petition for certiorari, mandamus or prohibition against any interlocutory order.

SEC. 12. Effect of Failure to File Return.  In case the respondent fails to file a return, the court, justice or judge shall proceed to hear the petition ex parte.

SEC. 13. Summary Hearing.  The hearing on the petition shall be summary. However, the court, justice or judge may call for a preliminary conference to simplify the issues and determine the possibility of obtaining stipulations and admissions from the parties.

The hearing shall be from day to day until completed and given the same priority as petitions for habeas corpus.

SEC. 14. Interim Reliefs.  Upon filing of the petition or at anytime before final judgment, the court, justice or judge may grant any of the following reliefs:

(a) Temporary Protection Order.  The court, justice or judge, upon motion or motu proprio, may order that the petitioner or the aggrieved party and any member of the immediate family be protected in a government agency or by an accredited person or private institution capable of keeping and securing their safety. If the petitioner is an organization, association or institution referred to in Section 3(c) of this Rule, the protection may be extended to the officers involved.

The Supreme Court shall accredit the persons and private institutions that shall extend temporary protection to the petitioner or the aggrieved party and any member of the immediate family, in accordance with guidelines which it shall issue.

The accredited persons and private institutions shall comply with the rules and conditions that may be imposed by the court, justice or judge.

(b) Inspection Order.  The court, justice or judge, upon verified motion and after due hearing, may order any person in possession or control of a designated land or other property, to permit entry for the purpose of inspecting, measuring, surveying, or photographing the property or any relevant object or operation thereon.

The motion shall state in detail the place or places to be inspected. It shall be supported by affidavits or testimonies of witnesses having personal knowledge of the enforced disappearance or whereabouts of the aggrieved party.

If the motion is opposed on the ground of national security or of the privileged nature of the information, the court, justice or judge may conduct a hearing in chambers to determine the merit of the opposition.

The movant must show that the inspection order is necessary to establish the right of the aggrieved party alleged to be threatened or violated.

The inspection order shall specify the person or persons authorized to make the inspection and the date, time, place and manner of making the inspection and may prescribe other conditions to protect the constitutional rights of all parties. The order shall expire five (5) days after the date of its issuance, unless extended for justifiable reasons.

(c) Production Order.  The court, justice or judge, upon verified motion and after due hearing, may order any person in possession, custody or control of any designated documents, papers, books, accounts, letters, photographs, objects or tangible things, or objects in digitized or electronic form, which constitute or contain evidence relevant to the petition or the return, to produce and permit their inspection, copying or photographing by or on behalf of the movant.

The motion may be opposed on the ground of national security or of the privileged nature of the information, in which case the court, justice or judge may conduct a hearing in chambers to determine the merit of the opposition.

The court, justice or judge shall prescribe other conditions to protect the constitutional rights of all the parties.

(d) Witness Protection Order.  The court, justice or judge, upon motion or motu proprio, may refer the witnesses to the Department of Justice for admission to the Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Program, pursuant to Republic Act No. 6981.

The court, justice or judge may also refer the witnesses to other government agencies, or to accredited persons or private institutions capable of keeping and securing their safety.

SEC. 15. Availability of Interim Reliefs to Respondent.  Upon verified motion of the respondent and after due hearing, the court, justice or judge may issue an inspection order or production order under paragraphs (b) and (c) of the preceding section.

A motion for inspection order under this section shall be supported by affidavits or testimonies of witnesses having personal knowledge of the defenses of the respondent.

SEC. 16. Contempt.  The court, justice or judge may order the respondent who refuses to make a return, or who makes a false return, or any person who otherwise disobeys or resists a lawful process or order of the court to be punished for contempt. The contemnor may be imprisoned or imposed a fine.

SEC. 17. Burden of Proof and Standard of Diligence Required.  The parties shall establish their claims by substantial evidence.

The respondent who is a private individual or entity must prove that ordinary diligence as required by applicable laws, rules and regulations was observed in the performance of duty.

The respondent who is a public official or employee must prove that extraordinary diligence as required by applicable laws, rules and regulations was observed in the performance of duty.

The respondent public official or employee cannot invoke the presumption that official duty has been regularly performed to evade responsibility or liability.

SEC. 18. Judgment.  The court shall render judgment within ten (10) days from the time the petition is submitted for decision. If the allegations in the petition are proven by substantial evidence, the court shall grant the privilege of the writ and such reliefs as may be proper and appropriate; otherwise, the privilege shall be denied.

SEC. 19. Appeal.  Any party may appeal from the final judgment or order to the Supreme Court under Rule 45. The appeal may raise questions of fact or law or both.

The period of appeal shall be five (5) working days from the date of notice of the adverse judgment.

The appeal shall be given the same priority as in habeas corpus cases.

SEC. 20. Archiving and Revival of Cases.  The court shall not dismiss the petition, but shall archive it, if upon its determination it cannot proceed for a valid cause such as the failure of petitioner or witnesses to appear due to threats on their lives.

A periodic review of the archived cases shall be made by the amparo court that shall, motu proprio or upon motion by any party, order their revival when ready for further proceedings. The petition shall be dismissed with prejudice upon failure to prosecute the case after the lapse of two (2) years from notice to the petitioner of the order archiving the case.

The clerks of court shall submit to the Office of the Court Administrator a consolidated list of archived cases under this Rule not later than the first week of January of every year.

SEC. 21. Institution of Separate Actions.  This Rule shall not preclude the filing of separate criminal, civil or administrative actions.

SEC. 22. Effect of Filing of a Criminal Action.  When a criminal action has been commenced, no separate petition for the writ shall be filed. The reliefs under the writ shall be available by motion in the criminal case.

The procedure under this Rule shall govern the disposition of the reliefs available under the writ of amparo.

SEC. 23. Consolidation.  When a criminal action is filed subsequent to the filing of a petition for the writ, the latter shall be consolidated with the criminal action.

When a criminal action and a separate civil action are filed subsequent to a petition for a writ of amparo, the latter shall be consolidated with the criminal action.

After consolidation, the procedure under this Rule shall continue to apply to the disposition of the reliefs in the petition.

SEC. 24. Substantive Rights.  This Rule shall not diminish, increase or modify substantive rights recognized and protected by the Constitution.

SEC. 25. Suppletory Application of the Rules of Court.  The Rules of Court shall apply suppletorily insofar as it is not inconsistent with this Rule.

SEC. 26. Applicability to Pending Cases.  This Rule shall govern cases involving extralegal killings and enforced disappearances or threats thereof pending in the trial and appellate courts.

SEC. 27. Effectivity.  This Rule shall take effect on October 24, 2007, following its publication in three (3) newspapers of general circulation.